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Johnny Carson’s First Decade Was Recorded—Then NBC Used the Tapes Again Some NBC videotape logs carry several programs on the same reel. A broadcast was recorded. The tape returned to storage. Later, someone threaded it through a machine and placed another program over the first. News, comedy, cartoons and talk shows could occupy the same physical object at different times, each new recording removing most of what had been there before. That routine erased much of Johnny Carson’s first decade on The Tonight Show. Carson began hosting in October 1962. Night after night, the program captured monologues, conversations, comedians making their first national appearances and public figures speaking in a looser setting than the evening news allowed. The broadcasts felt permanent to viewers because Carson was always there again the next night. The tape itself was expensive. NBC routinely reused two-inch videotape, and most Carson episodes from 1962 through the early 1970s disappeared. Even the first broadcast survives principally through photographs and audio rather than a complete video recording. Control changed the fate of the later shows. After Carson’s contract negotiations gave his production greater authority in 1972, the order was clear: the tapes were to be kept. Ownership arrangements developed further in subsequent agreements, but the preservation line is visible. Most of the early years are missing; the later twenty years remain largely intact. After Carson retired, thousands of tapes were stored roughly 650 feet underground in a Kansas salt mine, where temperature and humidity remained stable. In 2010, 3,300 hours of surviving footage were digitized and indexed so individual guests, monologue subjects and sketches could be located without screening entire programs. The archive preserves more than television comedy. It holds thirty years of American voices passing through one chair beside Carson’s desk. But the empty first decade remains part of its meaning. Television once entered millions of homes and then disappeared beneath the next night’s program—not metaphorically, but on the same reel of tape.

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“Scroll down to the end of the article to listen to music.” THE NIGHTS NBC ERASED AND JOHNNY CARSON SAVED…

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JOHN AMOS LOST GOOD TIMES WHILE TRYING TO PROTECT THE FAMILY AT ITS CENTER During the third season of Good Times, John Amos began returning scripts with questions the writers did not welcome. Why was J.J. receiving the strongest material while Thelma and Michael were being pushed to the edges? Why did a sitcom built around a struggling Black family increasingly depend on one son behaving like a television caricature? Why were there so few Black writers in the room deciding how James Evans should speak inside his own home? Amos was not objecting to Jimmie Walker’s talent. He understood why audiences loved “Dy-no-mite!” His concern was what the success of that character was doing to the rest of the family. When Good Times began in 1974, James and Florida Evans represented something still unusual on network television: a Black mother and father raising three children together in a Chicago public-housing apartment. James worked temporary jobs, swallowed disappointments and kept returning to the kitchen table. Amos wanted the comedy to grow from that recognizable pressure. His arguments with the predominantly white writing staff became increasingly heated. Amos later admitted that he had the conviction to know something was wrong but not yet the diplomacy to fight it safely. During the hiatus after season three, producer Norman Lear called him. Amos was dismissed. The fourth season opened with James working in Mississippi and preparing to move the family out of the projects. Instead, a telegram arrived announcing that he had died in an automobile accident. The father Amos had fought to protect was removed without appearing onscreen. A year later, Amos played the adult Kunta Kinte in Roots, earning an Emmy nomination and entering another landmark depiction of Black family history. He and Lear eventually reconciled; decades later, they publicly embraced during a 2019 television reunion. But the apartment in Good Times never fully recovered its original balance. James Evans’s empty chair became part of the show. Amos had lost the job. The argument he made about who was allowed to define that family outlived it.

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THE EMPTY CHAIR JOHN AMOS LEFT IN THE EVANS APARTMENT During script meetings for Good Times, John Amos carried an…

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WHEN HOLLYWOOD STOPPED HIRING WILL GEER, HE GREW VEGETABLES AND BUILT A STAGE IN THE WOODS In the early 1950s, Will Geer sold his Santa Monica home, moved his family onto a cheap piece of land in Topanga Canyon and began planting food. Hollywood had stopped calling. After refusing to cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee, Geer had been blacklisted by the major studios. The actor who had appeared in films such as Winchester ’73 could no longer depend on acting to feed his wife and children. Fortunately, he knew the ground. Geer had studied botany before the stage took over his life, and the family supported itself partly by selling vegetables, fruit and herbs grown on the property. His daughter Ellen later remembered him gardening furiously because survival had become the immediate work. Among the trees, another kind of work continued. Geer began staging plays on the land and invited other blacklisted actors and folk singers to join him. Burgess Meredith passed through. So did Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger and others whose politics or associations had made conventional stages difficult to reach. Geer called the place Theatricum Botanicum—a garden theater. As the blacklist weakened, he gradually returned to film and television. In 1972, at seventy years old, he began playing Grandpa Zeb Walton on The Waltons. The role made him familiar to millions of viewers who knew little about the years when he had been unable to work. He won an Emmy in 1975. Money and recognition from the series helped Geer reopen the Topanga theater as a public workshop in 1973. Shakespeare was performed beneath the oak trees. Folk musicians returned. Audiences arrived in numbers the informal grounds had never been built to accommodate. Geer died in 1978. The Waltons allowed Grandpa’s death to become part of the family’s story rather than replacing him with another actor. Back in Topanga, Geer’s wife Herta Ware, their children and a small company kept the theater alive. Ellen Geer eventually became its artistic director. The blacklist had taken away the rooms where Will Geer was permitted to act. On the land he bought afterward, his family still performs beneath the trees.

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THE YEARS WHEN GRANDPA WALTON HAD NO STUDIO DOOR TO WALK THROUGH Will Geer’s hands were in the soil because…

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ONE PHONE CALL TO ENGLAND IN 1968 TOLD ROY ORBISON THAT HIS HOUSE WAS GONE — AND TWO OF HIS SONS WERE DEAD. IT CAME JUST TWO YEARS AFTER HE HAD ALREADY BURIED HIS WIFE. At the beginning of the 1960s, Roy Orbison seemed to be living inside one long ascent. “Only the Lonely,” “Crying,” “In Dreams” and “Oh, Pretty Woman” had made him an international star. His voice could move from a near-whisper to a full, aching crescendo without sounding like anyone else on radio. In 1963, he toured Britain with the Beatles. A year later, “Oh, Pretty Woman” became the biggest record of his career. Then the decade turned brutal. On June 6, 1966, Roy’s wife, Claudette, was killed in a motorcycle accident near Gallatin, Tennessee. She had been woven into his life and music for years — the woman behind “Claudette,” the mother of his three boys, and a central figure in the world he returned to after touring. Roy kept working. Two years later, in September 1968, he was in England finishing another tour when the telephone rang in the middle of the night. The news was almost impossible to absorb. His home in Hendersonville had burned. His two older sons, Roy DeWayne, 10, and Anthony, 6, had died in the fire. His youngest son, Wesley, survived. Orbison was thousands of miles away. There was no way to hurry back quickly enough to change anything. People around him later remembered how completely he withdrew into himself. Johnny Cash recalled that Roy did not want to talk much about what had happened. The public still knew the dark glasses, the still posture and the enormous voice, but the man behind them was carrying a private devastation that had arrived in two blows only 27 months apart. The timing made everything harder. By then, Orbison’s American chart run had already begun to cool. His move to MGM had not produced another stretch like the Monument years, and while overseas audiences remained loyal, the center of gravity in popular music was shifting fast around him. He continued touring. But the next major thing he built was not a comeback. In 1969, Orbison married Barbara Jakobs. They later had two sons together and created another home in Hendersonville. Friends and family would remember the 1970s less as a period when Roy was chasing the charts than as one in which he slowly rebuilt an ordinary life around the pieces that remained. The voice eventually came roaring back in the 1980s. Before that happened, though, Roy Orbison had already done something harder than making another hit. He had learned how to live inside a house that no longer contained the family he had once expected to grow old with.

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“Scroll down to the end of the article to listen to music.” ONE PHONE CALL TO ENGLAND TOLD ROY ORBISON…

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BOB DYLAN’S ELECTRIC TOUR WAS BEING BOOED NIGHT AFTER NIGHT. LEVON HELM WALKED AWAY AND ENDED UP WORKING ON AN OIL RIG IN THE GULF OF MEXICO. WHEN HE CAME BACK, THE MUSICIANS HE HAD LEFT WERE ABOUT TO BECOME THE BAND. Levon Helm had already spent years on the road before Bob Dylan called. The Arkansas-born drummer had come up with Ronnie Hawkins and the Hawks, a hard-working group built on rockabilly, R&B and country roots. By 1965, Helm, Robbie Robertson, Rick Danko, Richard Manuel and Garth Hudson had left Hawkins and were trying to establish themselves on their own. Then Dylan went electric. After the controversy surrounding his move away from acoustic folk, Dylan hired the Hawks as his backing band. The opportunity was enormous, but so was the hostility. Night after night, parts of the audience booed the amplified music, directing their anger at Dylan and the musicians behind him. Helm had enough. Late in 1965, he left the tour and returned south. For a period he drifted through places including Florida and New Orleans before taking work connected to an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico — about as far from the international rock circuit as a drummer could get. The rest of the Hawks stayed with Dylan through the turbulent 1966 tour. Then Dylan himself disappeared from the road after his motorcycle accident and settled near Woodstock, New York. The Hawks followed, and without the pressure of nightly concerts they began playing and recording informally with him in a large pink house in West Saugerties. Those sessions became associated with The Basement Tapes. Eventually Helm was called back. He returned to the group as they were moving away from being somebody else’s backing band and toward something of their own. Soon they settled on the simplest possible name: The Band. In 1968, Music from Big Pink arrived, followed by The Band in 1969. Helm’s drumming and unmistakable Southern voice became central to songs such as “The Weight,” “Up on Cripple Creek” and “The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down.” Their blend of country, blues, gospel, folk and early rock would become one of the foundations of what later generations called roots rock or Americana. What makes Helm’s exit from Dylan’s tour so revealing is that he did not leave music because nobody wanted him. He walked away while standing beside one of the most important artists in the world. By the time he returned, the same musicians were finally becoming the thing Helm had wanted them to be from the beginning: a band of their own.

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“Scroll down to the end of the article to listen to music.” BOB DYLAN’S ELECTRIC TOUR WAS BEING BOOED NIGHT…

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A MOTORCYCLE CRASH NEARLY COST GENE VINCENT HIS LEG. WHILE RECOVERING, HE HELPED CREATE “BE-BOP-A-LULA” — AND WITHIN A YEAR, CAPITOL WAS RUSHING HIM INTO A NASHVILLE STUDIO AS ITS ANSWER TO ELVIS PRESLEY. Before Gene Vincent became one of rockabilly’s most recognizable figures, he was a young Navy man named Vincent Eugene Craddock whose future had suddenly narrowed to a hospital room. In 1955, a motorcycle accident badly injured his left leg and left him with lasting damage. During the long recovery, Vincent spent time writing and working on songs; one of them became “Be-Bop-A-Lula,” though the exact authorship remains disputed, with fellow hospital patient Donald Graves often credited as an important part of its creation. By early 1956, Vincent was singing around Norfolk, Virginia, when local radio personality Bill “Sheriff Tex” Davis helped get a demo into the hands of Capitol Records. Capitol was looking for a young rock ’n’ roll singer who could compete with the sudden rise of Elvis Presley, and Vincent’s voice immediately caught attention. In May, Vincent and the Blue Caps went to Nashville and recorded “Be-Bop-A-Lula.” The song was initially placed on the B-side of “Woman Love,” but disc jockeys began flipping the record over, and the supposed secondary track became the hit. “Be-Bop-A-Lula” reached the pop Top 10 and sold heavily, while guitarist Cliff Gallup’s sharp, economical playing helped give the record a sound that later rockabilly players would study closely. Vincent suddenly had the career that the motorcycle wreck seemed to have threatened before it had begun. But accidents would remain strangely close to his story. In April 1960, Vincent was traveling through England with fellow rocker Eddie Cochran when their taxi crashed near Chippenham. Vincent survived with a broken collarbone and further leg injuries; Cochran, only 21, died the next day from severe head injuries. By then Vincent’s biggest American moment had already passed, although his influence remained especially strong in Britain, where younger musicians absorbed both his look and the raw sound of the Blue Caps. The first crash had pushed Gene Vincent toward the song that made him famous. The second left him alive to watch another young rock ’n’ roll star fail to come home.

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“Scroll down to the end of the article to listen to music.” A MOTORCYCLE CRASH NEARLY COST GENE VINCENT HIS…

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EDDIE COCHRAN HAD ALREADY WRITTEN “SUMMERTIME BLUES,” STARRED IN A ROCK ’N’ ROLL MOVIE, AND BECOME A HERO TO YOUNG BRITISH GUITARISTS. THEN, AT 21, A TAXI RIDE TO LONDON ENDED HIS CAREER IN A DITCH. By the end of the 1950s, Eddie Cochran had become one of the clearest links between rockabilly and the louder guitar-driven rock that was coming next. He had started in Southern California playing with Hank Cochran as the Cochran Brothers, then broke away as a solo artist and signed with Liberty Records. His guitar-heavy records — especially “Summertime Blues,” “C’mon Everybody,” “Twenty Flight Rock” and “Somethin’ Else” — gave teenage frustration a harder edge than much of the polished pop surrounding it. Britain heard that edge especially clearly. Paul McCartney later remembered using “Twenty Flight Rock” to impress John Lennon when the two first met, and Cochran’s songs would eventually be covered by artists ranging from the Who to the Sex Pistols. His influence was already spreading far beyond the size of his own catalog. In early 1960, Cochran toured Britain with Gene Vincent. The shows drew the kind of young audience that saw American rock ’n’ roll not as a passing fad, but as a blueprint. Then came the final night. After a performance in Bristol, Cochran, Vincent, songwriter Sharon Sheeley and tour manager Patrick Thompkins got into a taxi bound toward London, where Cochran was preparing to fly home to the United States. Near Chippenham, the car crashed on the A4; Cochran was thrown from the vehicle and suffered severe head injuries, while Vincent survived with a broken collarbone and further damage to a leg already injured years earlier. Eddie Cochran died in a hospital in Bath on April 17, 1960. He was 21. At the time, his career still felt unfinished. He had released only one album during his lifetime, while his current single, “Three Steps to Heaven,” was still in circulation. The strange part is how much of his afterlife belonged to musicians who came next. The Beatles carried pieces of his guitar language. The Who turned “Summertime Blues” into something heavier. Later punk bands heard the same impatience and attack in songs Cochran had recorded before most of them were born. Cochran never got the long career that might have shown where that sound was heading. Other bands did that for him.

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“Scroll down to the end of the article to listen to music.” EDDIE COCHRAN WAS ONLY 21, BUT HIS GUITAR…

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BY 41, RAY WYLIE HUBBARD HAD OUTLASTED A BROKEN MARRIAGE, COCAINE, ALCOHOL AND A CAREER THAT HAD NEARLY RUN INTO THE GROUND. THEN STEVIE RAY VAUGHAN TOOK HIM TO HIS FIRST AA MEETING. Ray Wylie Hubbard had already written “Up Against the Wall, Redneck Mother,” watched Jerry Jeff Walker turn it into a Texas anthem, and spent years moving through the same outlaw-country world as Willie Nelson and the Austin crowd. But by the late 1980s, the life behind the songs was collapsing. His first marriage had failed. Both of his parents had died. Alcohol and cocaine had become part of the routine, and Hubbard later described himself as depressed, delusional and drifting through increasingly small gigs. At one point, he was opening for lingerie models at a club near Dallas Love Field. Then Stevie Ray Vaughan showed him another way. Vaughan had recently gotten sober himself. Hubbard remembered him as the first musician he knew who had cleaned up without becoming dull or losing the fire in his playing. Hubbard asked what it was like to perform without drinking or drugs. Vaughan told him sobriety had made him play better, not worse. He eventually took Hubbard to an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. Hubbard was 41. The change did not instantly turn him into a star. It did something more useful. He began listening again. Without alcohol and cocaine between himself and the instrument, Hubbard started rebuilding his guitar playing, writing more seriously and stripping away the parts of his career that had never fit him. The slicker Nashville ambitions faded. The darker Texas blues, folk and country underneath them came forward. The second half of his career became far stronger than the first. Albums such as Loco Gringo’s Lament, Dangerous Spirits and Growl gradually rebuilt his reputation. Younger Texas writers began treating Hubbard not as the man behind one novelty outlaw anthem, but as an elder whose late work kept getting sharper. He also met Judy through the recovery community; they married in 1989 and later built a family and working life around the music. Stevie Ray Vaughan died in 1990. Hubbard kept going. Decades later, the most important thing Vaughan had given him was not a guitar lick, a tour slot or a famous introduction. It was proof that getting sober did not mean losing the music.

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“Scroll down to the end of the article to listen to music.” BY 41, RAY WYLIE HUBBARD HAD OUTLASTED A…

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AT 72, AFTER A KIDNEY TRANSPLANT AND HEART TROUBLE, DONNIE FRITTS ASSUMED HIS RECORD-MAKING DAYS WERE OVER. “SEVENTY-TWO-YEAR-OLD MEN DON’T GET RECORD DEALS,” HE SAID. THEN JOHN PAUL WHITE HEARD HIM SINGING ALONE AT AN OLD WURLITZER. Fritts had spent most of his life standing beside other people. He had helped shape the early Muscle Shoals scene, written songs recorded by Waylon Jennings, Dusty Springfield, Ray Charles and others, and spent decades playing keyboards behind Kris Kristofferson. Yet by 2015, he had released only three solo albums in more than forty years. His health had also taken a toll. A kidney transplant and heart problems had slowed him, and Fritts did not expect another label to come looking. Still, he believed he had one good record left in him. John Paul White heard it almost by accident. White, formerly of the Civil Wars, had become friendly with Fritts around the 2013 premiere of the Muscle Shoals documentary. During a visit to Fritts’ home, he listened as the older musician sat at his weathered Wurlitzer and played songs he loved. Some were not even Fritts compositions. It did not matter. White heard something in the bare combination of that worn voice and electric piano that decades of sideman work had never fully exposed. He told Fritts that if they made a record, he wanted to start with exactly that sound. The project became Oh My Goodness. White and Ben Tanner produced it, keeping Fritts and the Wurlitzer at the center while friends and admirers including John Prine, Jason Isbell, Brittany Howard, Spooner Oldham and Reggie Young gathered around him. Fritts revisited songs connected to Arthur Alexander, John Prine and Dan Penn, but also recorded newer material such as “Tuscaloosa 1962.” He later said something surprising about the result. After more than half a century around studios, he felt he had finally found his own voice. Oh My Goodness arrived in October 2015. For decades, Donnie Fritts had been the man whose keyboard, songs and friendships helped other records become part of American music. This time, the younger musicians came into the room for him. And instead of asking the old Muscle Shoals veteran to sound young again, they built the record around everything age had put into his voice.

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“Scroll down to the end of the article to listen to music.” DONNIE FRITTS THOUGHT HIS RECORD-MAKING DAYS WERE OVER…

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TOM BRUMLEY JOINED BUCK OWENS’ BAND AS A REPLACEMENT. MONTHS LATER, ONE PEDAL-STEEL SOLO ON “TOGETHER AGAIN” BECAME SO DEFINITIVE THAT JERRY GARCIA LATER POINTED TO IT AS AN INSPIRATION TO LEARN THE INSTRUMENT. Tom Brumley was not the first steel guitarist in the Buckaroos. He joined Buck Owens’ band in 1963 after Jay McDonald left, stepping into a group that was rapidly becoming the defining sound of Bakersfield country. Don Rich was already shaping the guitars and harmonies. Buck had the songs. Brumley’s job was to find a place inside that sound without softening it. Then came “Together Again.” Buck recorded the ballad in early 1964 as the flip side of “My Heart Skips a Beat.” The faster song looked like the obvious hit. Brumley changed the balance. In the middle of “Together Again,” his pedal steel answered Buck’s vocal with a slow, aching solo. It was restrained, melodic and full of the crying bends the instrument could produce when the mechanics and the player’s touch worked together. Music theorists have since singled out the passage as a classic example of how the pedal steel can deepen the emotional meaning of a country song. The B-side did not stay a B-side. “Together Again” reached No. 1 on the country chart, interrupting the run of “My Heart Skips a Beat” at the top. The two sides effectively traded places as hits. Brumley’s solo became part of the record’s identity. It was later cited among country music’s finest pedal-steel performances, and Jerry Garcia pointed to “Together Again” as one of the recordings that inspired him to take up steel guitar before playing the instrument with New Riders of the Purple Sage. Brumley stayed with the Buckaroos through most of the 1960s, during the band’s peak years, before leaving in 1969 and later spending more than a decade with Rick Nelson. His distinctive playing became known among steel players as the “Brumley Touch.” Buck Owens supplied the voice and the song. But for a few measures in 1964, Tom Brumley gave “Together Again” the part listeners would spend decades trying to reproduce.

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“Scroll down to the end of the article to listen to music.” TOM BRUMLEY JOINED BUCK OWENS’ BAND AS A…

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