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Country Music

HIS SONGS OUTLIVED HIM IN THE VOICES OF COUNTRY LEGENDS. BUT AFTER BLAZE FOLEY WAS SHOT DEAD IN AUSTIN, HIS FRIENDS HAD TO HOLD A BENEFIT JUST TO PAY FOR HIS BURIAL. His real name was Michael David Fuller. He grew up singing gospel with his family, survived childhood polio and eventually remade himself as Blaze Foley—a wandering Texas songwriter who repaired his clothes with silver duct tape, slept wherever friends would let him and wrote songs too tender for the life he was living. Foley moved through Georgia, Chicago, Houston and Austin without ever building the kind of career Nashville could measure. He played small clubs, drank heavily, lost relationships and sometimes slept beneath pool tables after the bars closed. He was close to Townes Van Zandt, another Texas songwriter who understood how a brilliant song could exist inside a life that refused to become stable. Yet Foley kept writing. One of those songs was “If I Could Only Fly.” Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard recorded it together in 1987, but their version did not become the kind of commercial event “Pancho and Lefty” had been. Foley remained mostly unknown outside the Texas songwriter circuit. He had written something two country giants considered worth singing, but he was still struggling to preserve his own recordings and pay his own way. Other songs waited even longer. John Prine would eventually record “Clay Pigeons.” Lucinda Williams would write “Drunken Angel” about Foley. Lyle Lovett, Gurf Morlix and generations of Texas musicians would help carry his name forward. But most of that recognition arrived after Foley was no longer there to receive it. On February 1, 1989, Foley was at the Austin home of his elderly friend Concho January. Foley believed Concho’s son, Carey January, had been taking his father’s pension and welfare money. The confrontation turned violent. Carey shot Foley in the chest with a small-caliber rifle. Blaze Foley was 39 years old. Carey January admitted firing the shot but argued that he had acted in self-defense. A jury later acquitted him. The people who knew Foley continued to dispute the picture of him presented at trial, but the legal verdict remained unchanged. Foley left behind almost none of the protections normally associated with a professional career. There was no major estate. No long catalog of successful albums. No money waiting to carry him home. Friends organized a benefit to cover the cost of his burial. A cassette recorded live at the Austin Outhouse was released only after his death. At the funeral, his friends reportedly covered his coffin with duct tape—the same cheap material Foley had used to hold together his boots and decorate his clothes. Even after that, the stories did not stop. Townes Van Zandt later told a wild tale about going to Foley’s grave because Foley had died carrying the pawn ticket for one of Townes’s guitars. Whether every part of that story happened exactly as told became less important than what it revealed: even among men who owned almost nothing, guitars, songs and debts still had to be recovered somehow. Blaze Foley never became a country star. He became something harder to manufacture: a songwriter whose work escaped the wreckage of his own life. Years after his friends needed to raise money to place him in the ground, singers who had outlived him were still standing on stages and singing the songs he had left behind.

Country Music

SHE CAME TO CALIFORNIA WITH $35, SLEPT IN OAKLAND’S “PIPE CITY” AND PICKED CROPS TO SURVIVE. YEARS LATER, ROSE MADDOX SHOCKED THE GRAND OLE OPRY, HELPED DEFINE WEST COAST COUNTRY AND RECORDED WHAT IS OFTEN CALLED THE FIRST BLUEGRASS ALBUM BY A WOMAN. By the time the Maddox Brothers and Rose reached the Grand Ole Opry, they had already built a major following far from Nashville. Their world was California dance halls, radio programs and honky-tonks filled with farmworkers, soldiers and factory hands. The band played fast. Fred Maddox slapped his bass like a drum. The brothers joked, shouted and drove country music into western swing and hillbilly boogie. Rose stood at the center. She was not treated as the quiet sister beside a group of men. She sang with more force than many male performers, moved across the stage and wore bright Western costumes designed to reach the back of a crowded room. The group’s rhinestones, embroidery and theatrical energy earned them the name “America’s Most Colorful Hillbilly Band.” The costumes were not decoration added after success. They were part of the sound. Rose became an early customer of Hollywood Western tailor Nathan Turk, whose elaborate designs helped country performers look larger beneath stage lights. In California, those clothes matched the noise and movement of the Maddox show. At the Grand Ole Opry, one costume crossed a line. Rose appeared with her midriff exposed, startling members of the Nashville audience. The reaction was about more than uncovered skin. Female country singers could perform songs about betrayal, drinking and poverty, but they were still expected to present themselves within narrow limits of respectability. Rose came from a different stage tradition. For years, she had performed beside brothers who treated every show like controlled chaos. The clothes, movement and humor were inseparable from the music. She was not standing at the microphone as someone’s supporting singer. She was helping lead the attack. The incident became one small part of a larger career, but it showed why Nashville never completely defined her. Rose moved between country, gospel, western swing and boogie before the industry had settled on clean labels for those sounds. The Maddox family’s rhythmic, high-energy style also helped prepare the ground for West Coast country, Bakersfield and early rockabilly. When the family band dissolved in 1956, Rose did not disappear with it. She continued recording solo country and gospel, cut duets with Buck Owens and later entered another field where women were rarely given central billing. In 1962, with guidance from Bill Monroe, she recorded Rose Maddox Sings Bluegrass, widely regarded as the first full bluegrass album by a female artist. The Grand Ole Opry had once been startled by how Rose Maddox dressed. A few years later, she was standing in a studio with the father of bluegrass, opening another part of country music that women had barely been allowed to claim.

Country Music

CHARLEY PRIDE HEARD RONNIE MILSAP PLAYING A LOS ANGELES CLUB. THEN HE TOLD HIM TO STOP CHASING ROCK ’N’ ROLL AND COME TO NASHVILLE. In 1972, Ronnie Milsap was still playing whatever room would have him. He had spent years in Memphis, working around the same city that had given him Elvis, soul music, gospel, and late-night clubs. He had made records. He had played piano for J.J. Cale. He had worked with Elvis Presley. But none of it had turned him into a country star yet. Then Charley Pride came into the Whiskey A Go Go. Pride was already one of the biggest names in country music. Milsap was the nearly blind piano player onstage, mixing country, R&B, rock, and whatever else the room would let him play. Charley heard him and told him something simple: Nashville needed that voice. Milsap moved in 1972. He started playing at the King of the Road, an industry hangout where writers, producers, label men, and singers could sit in the dark and decide whether a stranger had a future. Tom Collins heard him there. RCA signed him in 1973. The first single, “I Hate You,” made the Top 10. Then came “Pure Love.” No. 1. Then “Please Don’t Tell Me How the Story Ends.” “Daydreams About Night Things.” “It Was Almost Like a Song.” The man who had been playing Los Angeles clubs became one of the biggest country voices of the 1970s and 1980s. Ronnie Milsap did not get to Nashville because a label executive found a demo on a desk. Charley Pride heard him in a club and told him to get in the car.

Country Music

TOWNES VAN ZANDT FINISHED THE RECORD THAT COULD HAVE CHANGED HIS LIFE. THEN THE STUDIO KEPT THE TAPES FOR TWENTY YEARS. By 1974, Townes Van Zandt had already made six albums in five years. “Pancho and Lefty” was out. “If I Needed You” was out. Songwriters in Texas and Nashville knew what he could do, even if country radio had not figured out where to put him. He went into Jack Clement’s studio in Nashville to make what was supposed to be his seventh album. The working title was Seven Come Eleven. The sessions had songs like “Rex’s Blues,” “No Place to Fall,” “Loretta,” “Two Girls,” and “Buckskin Stallion Blues.” Townes was still young enough to believe this could be the record that pushed him past the small rooms, the cult following, and the people who only knew him as the strange Texas writer with the dark songs. Then the money trouble started. Kevin Eggers, the man handling Townes’ label and business, did not pay the studio bill. Jack Clement held the tapes. The album was never released. The songs sat there while Townes kept moving through the 1970s with less money, less structure, and more drinking. Some of the material was rescued later. Six songs reappeared on Flyin’ Shoes in 1978. But the original record was gone from the moment it mattered most. Seven Come Eleven finally came out in 1993 under another name: The Nashville Sessions. By then, Townes Van Zandt was no longer a young singer waiting for a breakthrough. He was a cult figure. Other people had made his songs famous. Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard had taken “Pancho and Lefty” to No. 1 ten years earlier. The record that might have changed his life arrived after the life had already gone another way.